Lord Of The Flies Man Is Savage free essay sample

Lord Of The Fliess: Man Is Savage At Heart Essay, Research Paper Lord of the Fliess: Man Is Savage at Heart Copyright ( C ) 1996 By Kevin McKillop A running subject in Lord of the Flies is that adult male is savage at bosom, ever finally returning back to an immorality and crude nature. The rhythm of adult male # 8217 ; s rise to power, or righteousness, and his inevitable autumn from grace is an of import point that book proves once more and once more, frequently comparing adult male with characters from the Bible to give a more graphic image of his descent. Lord Of The Flies symbolizes this autumn in different manners, runing from the illustration of the outlook of existent crude adult male to the contemplations of a corrupt mariner in purgatory. The novel is the narrative of a group of male childs of different backgrounds who are marooned on an unknown island when their plane clangs. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies Man Is Savage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the male childs try to organize and explicate a program to acquire rescued, they begin to divide and as a consequence of the discord a set of barbarian tribal huntsmans is formed. Finally the # 8220 ; stranded male childs in Lord of the Flies about wholly agitate off civilised behaviour: ( Riley 1: 119 ) . When the confusion eventually leads to a manhunt [ for Ralph ] , the reader realizes that despite the strong sense of British character and civility that has been instilled in the young person throughout their lives, the male childs have backpedaled and shown the implicit in barbarian side existent in all worlds. # 8220 ; Golding senses that establishments and order imposed from without are impermanent, but adult male # 8217 ; s unreason and impulse for devastation are digesting # 8221 ; ( Riley 1: 119 ) . The novel shows the reader how easy it is to return back to the immorality nature inherent in adult male. If a group of well-conditioned school male childs can finally weave up perpetrating assorted utmost farces, one can conceive of what grownups, leaders of society, are capable of making under the force per unit areas of seeking to keep universe dealingss. Lord of the Flies # 8217 ; s apprehensiveness of immorality is such that it touches the nervus of modern-day horror as no English novel of its clip has done ; it takes us, through symbolism, into a universe of active, proliferating immorality which is seen, one feels, as the natural status of adult male and which is bound to remind the reader of the vilest manifestations of Nazi arrested development ( Riley 1: 120 ) . In the novel, Simon is a peaceable chap who tries to demo the male childs that there is no monster on the island except the frights that the male childs have. # 8220 ; Simon tries to province the truth: there is a animal, but # 8216 ; it # 8217 ; s merely us # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Baker 11 ) . When he makes this disclosure, he is ridiculed. This is an eldritch analogue to the misconstruing that Christ had to cover with throughout his life. Later in the narrative, the barbarian huntsmans are trailing a hog. Once they kill the hog, they put its caput on a stick and Simon experiences an epiphany in which he # 8220 ; sees the perennial autumn which is the cardinal world of our history: the licking of ground and the release of # 8230 ; lunacy in psyches wounded by fright # 8221 ; ( Baker 12 ) . As Simon hastes to the campfire to state the male childs of his find, he is hit in the side with a lance, his Pr ophecy rejected and the word he wished to distribute ignored. Simon falls to the land dead and is described as beautiful and pure. The description of his decease, the mode in which he died, and the cause for which he died are unusually similar to the fortunes of Christ # 8217 ; s life and ultimate death. The major difference is that Christ died on the cross, while Simon was speared. However, a reader familiar with the Bible recalls that Jesus was stabbed in the side with a a spear before his crucifixion. William Golding discusses adult male # 8217 ; s capacity for fright and cowardliness. In the novel, the male childs on the island foremost encounter a natural fright of being stranded on an chartless island without the advocate of grownups. Once the male childs begin to form and get down to experience more adult-like themselves, the fright of monsters takes over. It is apprehensible that boys runing in ages from yearlings to immature adolescents would hold frights of monsters, particularly when it is taken into consideration that the kids are stranded on the island. The writer wishes to demo, nevertheless, that fright is an emotion that is natural and active in worlds from the really beginnings of their lives. This disclosure uncovers another failing in adult male, back uping the thought or belief that adult male is hapless and barbarian at the really nucleus of his being. Throughout the novel, there is a battle for power between two groups. This battle illustrates adult male # 8217 ; s fright of losing control, which is another illustration of his selfishness and failing. The fright of monsters is natural ; the fright of losing power is inherited. The writer uses these frailties to turn out the point that any type of uncontrolled fright contributes to adult male # 8217 ; s instability and will finally take to his [ adult male s ] death spiritually and possibly even physically. The writer chooses to utilize an island as the scene for the bulk of the narrative. # 8220 ; The island is an of import symbol in all of Golding # 8217 ; s works. It suggests the isolation of adult male in a terrorization and cryptic universe, and the futility of his effort to make an ordered preserve for himself in an otherwise patternless universe # 8221 ; ( Baker 26 ) . The island in the novel is the existent island ; it is non merely an island, though. It is a microcosm of life itself, the grownup universe, and the human battle with his ain solitariness. # 8220 ; Left entirely on the island of the ego, adult male discovers the world of his ain dark bosom, and what he discovers is excessively detestable for him to endure. At the highest pitch of panic he makes the lone gesture he can do # 8212 ; a natural, natural entreaty for aid, for deliverance # 8221 ; ( Baker 67 ) . Man grows more barbarian at bosom as he evolves because of his cowardliness and his pursuit for power. The fresh proves this by throwing together opposing forces into a state of affairs that dowses them with power battles and scaring state of affairss. By comparing world in general to Biblical characters in similar scenarios, the novel provides images of the darker side of adult male. This darker side of adult male # 8217 ; s nature necessarily wins and adult male is proven to be a hapless race that garbages to accept duty for its defects.

Free Essays on Booker T Washington

that constitutes the Atlanta Exposition Address. I know that as a Christians we are supposed to turn... Free Essays on Booker T Washington Free Essays on Booker T Washington Booker T Washington a very well respected scholar of the African American community was definitely an advocate for the education of the Negro race. While making it evident that education was a necessity to survive, he also made it very clear that he agreed with the â€Å"white man† that Negro’s has a certain place in society, and that, that place was not equal to the â€Å"White Man’s† place. In the eyes of Washington this was perfectly okay because while the Negro race stayed in its place it would slowly begin to build its own economy and completely separate from the â€Å"white† economy. Satisfying the belief that Negro’s should go back to Africa, without actually going to Africa. This ideal is partially revealed in Washington’s â€Å"Atlanta Exposition Address.† In this speech Washington tells the negros and whites to cast down their buckets and get to know their neighbor of the opposite race. In my opinion that was impossible back then. For the simple fact that whites did not agree with the idea of blacks being free therefore there is no way in the world that they would embrace or except the idea of blacks being their next door neighbor. Further Washington states to the whites that if they make an effort to deal with the negros â€Å"then they can be sure that in the future just as it was in the past; that they (whites) would be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding and non-resentful people that the world has seen.† There is no doubt that those were very powerful words. Personally I think that those are words of a coward or a person who wishes to please everyone and that cannot always be done. I definitely agree that everyone should have the opportunity to be educated. But knowing what I have learned about slavery and racism I do not understand how Washington could say, better yet believe the words that constitutes the Atlanta Exposition Address. I know that as a Christians we are supposed to turn...

Zumba Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zumba Fitness - Essay Example Zumba Fitness It has been accepted in most societies due to its flexible programs that can suit the most workers. Zumba fitness has been rated among the Worlds top ten fitness programs based on the number of participants and product uniqueness. Zumba is a dance and aerobics fitness course that was started in the 1990s by Alberto Perez (Perez, 2009). He is from Columbia and started the Zumba program due to his passion for dance and music. The Zumba fitness brand consists of various products launched since 2003. They include Zumba Stape, Zumba Toning, Zumba Sentao, Zumba Kids, Zumba Toning among others. The products cater for various people in the society despite their ages. Since Alberto is a choreographer and a dancer, the fitness program incorporates music in its sessions (Perez, 2009). Zumba uses music genres such as Salsa, Samba, Martial arts, Soca and Hip hop. The different rhythms from the music can be used to change the used approaches. Moreover, the use of different genres ensures that its customers can join the program irrespective of their music preferences. Zumba fitness programs became popular in Columbia and there was a need to cause awareness into other countries (Perez, 2009). With the help of entrepreneurs, the program became international where it has been practiced in more than 180 countries globally. Perez had business ties with the United States; he was able to market his dance into the country. According to recent research, more than 10 million people take weekly classes. Zumbas success has been caused by its use of music and use of infomercials to cause awareness.

My job in futuer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My job in futuer - Essay Example Communication must be sent and received if it is to be effective. Whether the relationship is within a family or in the workplace, skills such as showing empathy, listening and being sincere will determine if the relationship is a happy one or one that is full of stress and misunderstandings (EÄŸec and Genà §Ãƒ ¶z, 2006). I have had many successful and happy relationships at school and at home. I have always believed that honest communication without conceit or arrogance is the best way to gain friends and followers. Letting employees know that is acceptable in a clear manner helps them to understand why something they have done might be unacceptable if that situation arises. The final skill that I have obtained that will help me to be a great bank officer is the ability to multi-task. A bank officer may need to act as a salesperson when talking to a customer, an analyst when changing a procedure that is not working and a marketing professional when making coordinated plans with a nother bank officer (Bank, 2006). Wearing many different hats and playing many different roles is something I have excelled at through my college career. I have had many different responsibilities to my family, friends and even an employer, not to mention what I had to do to accomplish my schoolwork. Having many different responsibilities is enjoyable for me and I am good at focusing on the task at hand.Being a good follower and a good leader, acting as an analyst, communicating clearly and multi-tasking are all a part of a bank officer's job.

Chemical Warfare in World War 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemical Warfare in World War 1 - Essay Example World War I saw the development of weapons, which were deadlier to a degree than had never before been expected. Among the deadliest weapons that had never been used before were the 420 mm guns, which the Germans used to bombard France from Liege, Belgium. This led the countries to look for developing deadlier weapons with the help of their intellectuals, as it was clear that weapons would greatly determine the countries that won the war. (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14). Therefore, as expected, deadlier weapons were developed by the countries. However, the deadliest and most inhumane of all the weapons developed was the poisonous gas, which was made by the German genius and Nobel laureate Fritz Haber (Bosco, Bosco & Bowman 38). Poisonous gas Prior to the World War I, several European countries including Germany, France and Britain had signed a treaty known as the Hague Convention on war on land in 1907 which forbid the use of poisonous gas in war. However, this did not deter the use of poi sonous gases in World War I (Stoltzenberg 151). Germany first used chemical weapons on British and Indian troops in 1914. Berlin was triggered to use chemical weapons after France had used on them. The chemical weapon used by the Germans was dianisidine chlorosulphonate, a chemical that causes irritation to the mucus membrane (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14). However, the use of chemical weapons, which lead to widespread outcry by the rest of the world, was by Fritz Haber. (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14).

Tahiti and the French Polynesia :: essays research papers

Spread across nearly 2,000,000 square miles of the South Pacific, in an area as large as the continent of Europe, lies the Territory of French Polynesia and its principal island, Tahiti. Settlers from Southeast Asia are thought to have first arrived in the Marquesas Islands, in the northeastern part of what is today called French Polynesia, around 300 AD and in the Society Islands, including Tahiti, to the west by about 800 AD. Prior to the first European contact, the islands were ruled by a hierarchy of hereditary tribal chiefs. The first Europeans to visit the area were the English explorers Samuel Wallis in 1767 and James Cook in 1769. French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville arrived in 1768 and claimed the islands for France. In the late 1700s occasional ships arrived in the islands, most notably the H.M.S. Bounty in 1788, captained by William Bligh. The first missionaries, from the London Missionary Society, arrived in the islands in 1797. By 1815, with the support of the most powerful ruling family in the islands, the Pomares, the British missionaries had secured a strong influence in much of the Society Islands, doing everything possible to eliminate traditional Polynesian culture by barring traditional dance and music as well as destroying carvings and temples associated with native religion. The French continued to hold influence over the Marquesian Archipelago and eventually were successful in expelling the British and securing influence over much of what today constitutes French Polynesia, leaving the ruling Pomare family as little more than figureheads. In 1880, King Pomare V was forced to abdicate, and a French colony was proclaimed. By 1901, the colony included the Austral Islands, the Gambier Archipelago, the Marquesas Islands, the Society Islands and the Tuamotu atolls to the southeast. The first half of the twentieth century saw periods of nationalistic protest in the colonies which were by then called the Établissements franà §ais d'Ocà ©anie (French Pacific Settlements). It was not, however, until after World War II, when Tahitians who had served France returned home, that pressure forced the French government to extend French citizenship to all islanders. The first territorial assembly was established in 1946, and by 1949 the islands obtained representation in the French Assembly. In 1957, the territory was officially renamed the Territory of French Polynesia. The Republic of France is represented in the territory by a high commissioner appointed by the Republic. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, limited autonomy was granted to the territorial government to control socioeconomic policy but not defense, law and order, or foreign affairs.

Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay

Abstract Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world. For many people, drinking alcohol is nothing more than a pleasant way to relax. People with alcohol use disorders, however, drink to excess, endangering both themselves and others. In the mental health area alcoholism is caused mostly by depression, anxiety and stress, on the other hand it also leads to depression and stress. The present study aims to compare depression and anxiety among alcoholics and non- alcoholics. It was assumed that depression and anxiety may be the risk factors for alcoholism. A sample of 100 people (50 alcoholics and 50 non-alcoholics) was randomly selected from Delhi. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect data on depression and anxiety. t-test was administered to compare two groups. The result of the study showed that alcoholic group was higher on depression as well as anxiety than the non alcoholic group, and it was also found that there is n o clear cut casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Alcoholism is perhaps most strongly associated with antisocial personality disorder and drug abuse, but its relationship to other forms of psychopathology has become increasingly evident. In particular, investigations of alcoholic samples indicate a strong co-occurrence of alcoholism with diverse form of anxiety and depressive disorder (Barbor et al, 1992; Chambless et al, 1987; Hasegawa 1991; keller 1994; Nunes, Quitkin & Berman, 1988; Penick, 1994; Schuckit, Irwin & Brown, 1990). ______________________________________________________________________ *Associate professor, Deptt. Of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh **Research scholar, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. According to Nijhawan (1972) Anxiety, one of the most pervasive psychological phenomenons of the modern era refers to a â€Å"persistent distressing psychological state arising from an inner conflict†. Depression can be defined as â€Å"a state of mind, or more specifically, a mental disorder, characterized by lowering of the individual’s vitality, his mood, his desires, hopes, aspirations and of his self-esteem. It may range from no more than a mild feeling of tiredness and sadness to the most profound state of apathy with complete, psychotic disregard for reality.† (Mendelssohn, 1963). Alcoholism can lead people into serious trouble, and can be physically and mentally destructive. Currently alcohol use is involved in half of all crimes, murders, accidental deaths, and suicides. There are also many health problems associated with alcohol use such as brain damage, cancer, heart disease, diseases of the liver, depression anxiety and other mental disorders. Results from community surveys and epidemiologic samples indicate that substantial comorbidity also exists for depression, anxiety and alcoholism in the general population (Regier et al, 1990; Helzer & Pryzbeck, 1988; Kendler et al, 1995). The high co-occurrence of these syndromes, therefore, represents a significant clinical and public health issue that is likely to affect a substantial proportion of the general population. Although the comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders has been extensively documented in both clinical and epidemiologic investigations, the specific mechanisms underlying these associations remain a source of debate. One widely accepted hypothesis is that these forms of comorbidity reflect a causal relationship of alcoholism with anxiety and depression. Support for a causal association is based partly on observations that alcohol is commonly used to self- medicate symptoms of negative affect, and so, alcoholism often develops as a secondary diagnosis to anxiety and depression (Meyer & Kranzler,1990; Hesselbrock, Meyer & Keener,1985; Lader,1972; Merikangas et al,1985). The 18-month follow-up of participants of the Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000 survey (Singleton & Lewis, 2003) provides an opportunity to determine whether excessive alcohol consumption and abnormal patterns of use are risk factors for incident anxiety and depression in the general population. The study also examined the reverse relationship, considering whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for the development of abnormal patterns of alcohol consumption. However, evidence for a causal relationship is not unidirectional as alcoholism is often observed as a primary disorder, and the presence of problem drinking itself may generate severe anxiety or depressive syndromes (Mendelson & Mello, 1979, Nathan, O’Brien & Lowenstein, 1971; Schuckit, Irwin & Smith, 1994; Stockwell, Hodgson & Rankin, 1982). Heavy alcohol consumption has been implicated in the development of anxiety and depression (Schuckit, 1983). Many cross-sectional studies have identified considerable comorbidity between anxiety and depression, and alcohol abuse. For example, data from four large community based epidemiological studies (n>422 000) in Europe and the USA consistently demonstrated a two- to threefold increase in the lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression in those with DSM–III or DSM–III–R alcohol abuse or dependence (Swendsen et al, 1998). If anxiety disorders and alcoholism are casually related, there should be a high rate of alcoholism among patients being treated for anxiety disorders. Two studies (Torgersen, 1986; Cloninger et al, 1981) of the prevalence of alcoholism in patients being treated for anxiety neurosis were identified. These investigations suggest a lifetime population prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence of approximately 14%. The survey of the relevant literature made it quite obvious that much of the studies show a prevalence of depression and anxiety among alcoholics. However, previous studies have also pointed out the possibility of alcoholism as risk factors for depression and anxiety. At the same time, literature does not provide any clear cut direction towards the casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Thus, despite the strong association of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders, no universal consensus has been reached regarding the specific mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study aims to identify depression and anxiety among alcoholic and non-alcoholic peoples. Method: Sample: sample of the present study consisted of 100 subjects (50 alcoholics and 50 non alcoholics). The alcoholics were identified through survey from different living areas (including rural, urban and semi-urban) of Delhi and 50 alcoholics were randomly selected for the study. In the same way the non-alcoholic subjects were also selected randomly from different parts of Delhi. The age range of the subjects was between 25 to 50 years. Tools: â€Å"Beck Depression Inventory† BDI -2nd was designed by Beck, Steer & Brown (1996). This self report scale has shown to document levels of depression. BDI -2nd edition contains 21 items, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. The cut offs used are 0-13 Minimal depression; 14-19 Mild depression; 20-28 Moderate depression; and 29-63 Severe Depression. Higher total scorer indicates more severe depression symptoms. â€Å"Beck Anxiety Inventory† was designed Beck, Epstein, Brown, Steer (1988). This self report scale has shown to document levels of Anxiety symptoms in a valid and consistent manner. BAI contains 21 items each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Each symptom item has four possible answer choices: not at all (assigned value =o); Mildly (it did not bother me much) (assigned value=1); Moderately (it was unpleasant but I could stand it) (assigned value =2); and Severely (I could barely stand it) (assigned value =3). The values for each item are summed together to yield an overall or score for all 21 symptoms that can range between 0 and 63 points. A total score of 0-7 is interpreted as a minimal level of Anxiety, 8-15 as ‘mild’, 16-25 as ‘moderate’ and 26-63 as ‘severe’. The BAI is psychometrically sound. Interval consistency ÃŽ ± =.92 to.94, for adults and test-retest (one week interval) reliability is .75. Procedure: The test for depression and anxiety were administered on the subjects individually after establishing the rapport with them. Each and every item was explained to the subject, and then he was asked to respond truly for the item. Thus data was collected for depression and anxiety from alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. t-test was applied to find out the significance of difference between the Mean scores of different groups. Results: TABLE-1 Showing comparison of Mean for depression and anxiety scores between the alcoholics and non-alcoholics Variables| Groups| N| Mean| Std.deviation| t | df| P| depression| Alcoholic Nonalcoholic| 50 50| 35.7600 17.1000| 10.17913 6.15530| 11.092| 98| .01*| Anxiety| Alcoholicnonalcoholic| 50 50| 38.0800 18.3200| 11.55261 6.18570| 10.662| 98| .01*| *Significant at .01 level of confidence TABLE-1 further shows the results obtained by the comparison of alcoholics and non alcoholic group for depression and anxiety. The obtained results show that the mean depression score (M=35.7600) for alcoholic people is higher than the mean depression score (M=17.1000) for non alcoholic people, and the difference between the two means (t=11.092) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. Consequently it reveals the findings that alcoholic people have higher depression than the non-alcoholics. The TABLE-1 also shows the results of the comparison of alcoholic and non-alcoholic people on anxiety. The mean anxiety scores (M=38.0800) of alcoholics is found very much higher than the mean anxiety scores (M=18.3200) of the non-alcoholics and the two means difference (t=10.662) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. It indicates that alcoholic people have higher anxiety than the non-alcoholic people. Discussion: The basis of the above results may safely be concluded that the alcoholics are highly depressed and extremely anxious than the non-alcoholic people. However, the high prevalence of these anxiety and depressives’ symptoms does not necessarily mean that these alcoholic individuals will demonstrate the long term course or require the long term treatments associated with DSM-III-R major depressive and anxiety disorders. The temporal nature of the association between Depression & Anxiety and alcohol is difficult to determine from studies, which uncertainty arising as to whether alcohol is a risk factor or a form of self –medication. The finding of the present study support the findings of Hartka et al, (1991) that reported a significant correlation between baseline consumption of alcohol and depression at follow-up based on data from eight longitudinal studies. However, in this analysis control of confounders was limited to age, gender and interval between measurements. Overall, our findings are contradictory with those of Wang & Patten (2001) who observed no excess morbidity among those who drank daily, those who drank in binges (more than five drinks), those who had more than one drink daily, and among drinkers in general. Alcohol dependence was not considered. Similarly, in a randomly selected community cohort with follow-up at 3 and 7 years, Moscato et al (1997) found no excess incidence of depressive symptoms among those with ‘alcohol problems’ (defined as a DSM–IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence or abuse or drinking more than five drinks a day on one or more occasions per week). It may safely be concluded on the bases of previous literature and result of the present study that there is no clear cut casual relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and alcoholism. In the similar way our findings of the study show that the alcoholics are more depressive and anxious than the non alcoholics. Though it does not show any clear cut picture either alcohol is risk factor for depression and anxiety or depression and anxiety is a risk factor for alcoholism. References Babor, T., Wolfson, A., Boivin, D., Radouco-Thomas, S., Clark, W. (1992). Alcoholism, culture, and psychopathology: A comparative study of French, French Canadian, and American alcoholics. In: Helzer, J., Canino, G. (eds): Alcoholism in North America, Europe, and Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 182-195. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A. (1988). â€Å"An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric Properties, Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology; 56:893-897 Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, B.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Ed.). San Antonio. Tx; Psychological Corporation. Chambless, D., Cherney, J., Caputo, G., Rheinstein, B. (1987). Anxiety disorders and alcoholism: A study with inpatient alcoholics. J Anxiety Disord; 1:29-40. Cloninger, C.R., Martin, R.L., Clayton, P., Guze, S.B. (1981). A blind follow-up and family study of anxiety neurosis: preliminary analysis of the St Louis 500, in Anxiety: New Research and changing Concepts, Edited by Klein, D.F., Rabkin, J. 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Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:374-383. Lader, M. (1972). The nature of anxiety. Br J Psychiatry; 121: 481-491. Mendelson, J., Mello, N. (1979). Medical progress: Biologic concomitants of alcoholism. N Engl J Med; 301:912-921. Mendelssohn, V.P. (1963). Depression in incyclopedia of mental health. Vol.II, Franklin Walts, Inc. Merikangas, K., Leckman, J., Prusoff, B., Pauls, D., Weissman, M. (1985). Familial transmission of depression and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry ; 42:367-372. Meyer, R., Kranzler, H. (1990). Alcohol abuse/dependence and co-morbid anxiety and depression. In: Maser J, Cloninger C (eds): Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press: 283-292. Moscato, B., Russell, M., Zielezny, M. (1997). Gender differences in the relation between depressive symptoms and alcohol problems: a longitudinal perspective. American Journal of Epidemiology; 146: 966-974. Nathan, P., O’Brien, J., Lowenstein, L. (1971). Operant studies of chronic alcoholism: Interaction of alcohol and alcoholics. In: Roach, P., Mclssac, W., Creaven, P. (eds): Biological Aspects of Alcohol. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press;. Nijhawan, H. K. (1972). Anxiety in school children. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Private Limited. Nunes, E., Quitkin, F., Berman, C. (1988). Panic disorder and depression in female alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 49:441- 443. Penick, E., Powell, B., Nickel, E., Bingham, S., Riesenmy, K., Read, M. (1994). Comorbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res; 18:1289-1293. Regier, D., Farmer, M., Rae, D., Locke, B., Keith, S., Judd, L. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA; 264:2511-2518. Schuckit, M. (1983). Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 711-714. Schuckit, M., Hesselbrock, V. (1994). Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship? Am J Psychiatry, 151:1723-1734. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Brown, S. (1990) .The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol; 51:34-41. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Smith, T. (1994). One-year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men. Addiction ; 89:441-445. Schuckit, M., Tipp, J., Bergman, M., Reich, W., Hesselbrock, V., Smith, T. (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorder in 2,945 alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry; 154:948-957. Singleton, N. Lewis, G. (2003). Better or Worse: A Longitudinal Study of the Mental Health of Adults Living in Private Households in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office. . Stockwell, T., Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. (1982). Tension reduction and the effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. Br J Addict; 77:65-73. Stockwell, T., Smail, P., Hodgson, R., Canter, S. (1984). Alcohol dependence and phobic anxiety states. II. A retrospective study. Br J Psychiatry; 144:58-63. Swendsen, J., Merikangas, K., Canino,G. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Comprehensive Psychiatry; 39:176-184. Torgersen, S. (1986). Childhood and family characteristics in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 143:630-632 Wang, J. & Patten, S. B. (2001). Alcohol consumption and major depression: findings from a follow-up study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry; 46: 632-638.